Sunday, June 22, 1930: Saxony Elections Yield Big Gains for the Nazis

Dresden:  Election results for the landtag (parliament) of the state of Saxony show big gains for the National Socialist German Workers’ Party – nazis.  They pulled a nearly three-fold increase, from 5% in the 1929 elections to 14.4% today.  This will increase their seats in the landtag from 5 to 14, making them the second-largest party in the body.  The Social Democratic Party is still the largest, holding roughly steady at 33% of the popular vote and 32 seats.  The communists gained slightly, from 12.8% of the vote in 1929 to 13.6% today, picking up one seat to 13. 

Moscow:  The government announces it will recall Rabbi Lavarev, Chief Rabbi of Leningrad, from Siberian exile, but restrict his movements upon his return home.

Thursday, 3 April 1930

Berlin: 

Heinrich Bruening’s new cabinet wins its first vote of confidence from the Reichstag, with the deciding votes ironically being cast by the party of nationalist leader Alfred Hugenberg.  The vote is 252-187, with socialists, communists and nazis voting against.  Hugenberg had threatened to defeat the new government, but after Bruening outlines his cabinet’s agriculture policies, which are under the care of Martin Schiele from Hugenberg’s National People’s Party, Hugenberg evidently changes his mind, and his party votes in favor of Bruening.  Hugenberg still says his party may desert the government and bring about its downfall, however, at any time it feels so inclined.

Moscow: 

Rabbi Lazarev, Chief Rabbi of Leningrad, and 15 others, are sentenced to 10 years in a concentration camp for alleged anti-soviet activity. 

London: 

At the London Naval Conference, the delegates from the United States, Great Britain and Japan officially agree to a three-way naval treaty which is intended to reduce the navies of all three, with the U.S. and British delegations accepting certain reservations from Japan.  U.S. Senator David A. Reed, a U.S. delegate who did most of the negotiating with Japan, says, “I cannot impress on you too strongly the fine spirit with which the Japanese and British have met us.  There was no disposition to quibble on the part of any one of the three delegations.  All three delegations have been frank and fair.  I cannot imagine a more pleasant negotiation than this has been.  The result is not a victory for anyone, but an honorable and reasonable settlement between the three powers.” 

Monday, 31 March 1930

Moscow:  The government exiles 90 Jews to Siberia for participating in groups the state deems illegal; 55 more are forced to sign statements promising not to leave Moscow and to discontinue their memberships. 

London:  The British fiscal year closes with a deficit of 14.5 million pounds, more than 18 million pounds below budget, due to the economic downturn.  Meanwhile, some 1,200 companies in the wool industry post notices of wage reductions, effective next week, due to the economic conditions. 

Thursday, 27 February 1930

Madrid:  

Demonstrations and riots against King Alfonso sweep parts of the country.  Thousands gather in the streets here and clash with police, who charge them with swords.  The disturbances follow a speech by former Prime Minister Jose Antonio Sanchez Guerra, the “grand old man” of Spanish politics, who, though a monarchist, declares that he is opposed to any further rule by King Alfonso.  “I will never again serve the present king,” he says.  New Prime Minister Damaso Berenguer announces that no further public political speeches will be permitted. 

London:  

Bishop Nickolai (or Nicholas), head of the Russian Orthodox Church in London, releases a letter which accuses the Soviet Union of torture and other atrocities against people of faith.  He claims a seminary leader in Voronezh was beaten with crucifixes and had molten lead poured down his throat.  An archbishop in Perm reportedly had his eyes gouged out and was dragged through the streets and killed, along with 40 other monks and priests.  “I would like this country to protest, and the whole civilized world to express its detestation of Russian persecution of Christianity.  Some of those prominently connected with the protest movement fear lest their religious protest should trespass on political issues.  To such, I say that no protest is likely to intensify trouble in Russia, and that the bolshevists can not do more in the way of atrocious persecution than they are now doing.”

Moscow:  

The chairman of the anti-religious committee of the communist party in Moscow issues an order for closings of churches, synagogues and mosques to speed up.  “Heretofore we have been extremely cautious about taking action on petitions for closing churches from workers and peasants.  But in view of the present agitation all over the world and in the soviets themselves, we can afford to be less timid.”    

Meanwhile, new reports of Jewish leaders arrested: the chief rabbi of Leningrad and another rabbi are reported held on charges of maintaining illegal connections abroad.  And synagogues in Vilna are reportedly being closed by soviet authorities.  

Chicago:  

After breaking up a communist meeting yesterday, authorities announce they have uncovered plans for a worldwide demonstration by communists set for March 6. 

Wednesday, 26 February 1930

United States:  

The unemployed, spurred on in many cases by communist organizers, riot or demonstrate in various parts of the country.  In Los Angeles, an estimated 3,000 people march on city hall, bearing banners reading “down with the police” and “forever the worker,” and wielding homemade tear gas bombs.  They are charged and dispersed by 300 police, and 27 are arrested.  In Chicago, several hundred people attending a communist meeting at Musicians’ Hall are encircled by police, allowed to give speeches and distribute communist literature, part of which attempts to incite a march of the unemployed -- then the police arrest every one of them.  A similar demonstration in Seattle is also broken up by police, with 11 arrested, and in Boston, where 9 are arrested after a strike called by the communist faction of the garment workers union.  The banners in Seattle read “down with capitalism” and “work for wages,” and handbills are signed by the Communist Party of the United States.  The handbills urge unemployed people to join a worldwide demonstration against capitalism.  Several hundred alleged communists also parade down Wall Street in New York. 

Elsewhere: 

Leningrad:  Police arrest Rabbi Lazerev, Chief Rabbi of Leningrad, and his colleague Rabbi Yasnogorowski, charging them with illegal connections abroad.
 

Berlin:  Paul Moldenhauer, Minister of Finance, proposes doubling the gasoline tax (called “benzine” in Germany) to 12 cents a gallon, and increasing the beer tax 75%, in hopes of raising the equivalent of US$110 million to help Germany’s budget deficit. 

Paris:  Andre Tardieu, former Prime Minister, agrees to return to the post after Camille Chautemps’ cabinet fell on its first vote in parliament.  

Tuesday, 25 February 1930

Bucharest:  In the ongoing crisis that includes reports of a Red Army buildup along the Romanian border, the government announces that the former chief of Romania’s secret police has been arrested on suspicion of spying for the Soviet Union.

New York:  2,000 communists hold a demonstration march in the garment district against police brutality; 400 police protect them on their route.  On Wall Street, 200 members of the Young Communists League also hold a demonstration.  Two are arrested.

Athens:  300 communists storm a jail, attempting to free 20 of their comrades.  

Minsk, Belorus (Belorussian S.S.R.):  Three of the rabbis arrested earlier this month are still held by soviet authorities, but the government won’t disclose their names, nor tell what it plans to do with them.

Cairo:  CopticOrthodox Pope John XIX, head of Coptic Christians in Egypt, joins the worldwide protest against religious persecution in Russia, and calls for prayers for the salvation of the country.

Sunday, 23 February 1930

Moscow:  

The soviet government, communist party, and their newspapers lash out at the rest of the world on the 12^th anniversary of the founding of the Red Army, and in the continuing upheaval surrounding the allegation that death penalties were meeted out to rabbis in Minsk.  Izvetia writes: “All the forces of reaction throughout the world are mobilized against the Soviet Union, which is going full speed ahead toward socialism.  The Pope, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the French police, the English die-hards, socialists, fascists, foreign counterfeiters of soviet money, and the German bourgeoisie have united into one holy union to launch new bandit attacks upon our country.  But the rulers of capitalistic Europe forget they are dancing the cancan on a barrel of powder.  We will remain firm and calm, watching this dance of dying capitalism.  In our country, all workers and peasants are convinced of the final results of the struggle between bolshevism and capitalism.  They know our government stands in defense of peace. They want peace themselves, but if the enemy directs his guns on the land of the proletarian dictatorship, each worker and peasant will consider it an honor to participate in the victorious marches of the Red Army in order to destroy the class enemy.”

 

Meanwhile the Jewish communist newspaper Oktiabre writes that rabbis in foreign countries are spies and therefore “these holy damagers should be carefully watched.”  Tass, the official government news agency, calls the report that rabbis in Minsk were going to be executed a “deliberate lie,” adding that “similar information emanating from Warsaw is false and part of the ring in the present anti-soviet campaign abroad.”  Supposedly, according to the soviet press, Jews themselves in Russia are marching in the streets, begging the authorities to close synagogues and convert them to secular uses. 

Nonetheless, U.S. Senator William Borah, who had written to Maxim Litvinov, Russian Acting Commissar of Foreign Affairs inquiring about the sentenced rabbis, says he has received word that the rabbis have been freed. 

In New York, speakers in churches and synagogues across the city attack Russia’s anti-religious persecution.  In Chicago, Jewish groups raise funds for the persecuted Jews in Russia.  And in Berlin, a mass meeting of Protestant churches is held to pray for the persecuted in Russia, and call on Christians worldwide to protest against it. 

Elsewhere:

Great Britain:  The worldwide depression deepens: a report says unemployment here now numbers 1.5 million.

Germany:  More bad economic news: unemployment among labor union members is now reported at 22%.  

Friday, 21 February 1930

Bucharest:  

Prime Minister Iuliu Maniu consults with his military generals over the rumored Red Army buildup on the soviet side of the Bessarabian border.  British, French and Polish diplomats have reportedly assured Romania of their support in the event of a soviet attack on Romania. 

Chicago:  

Crying “Wages and work!”, 1,200 unemployed hold a demonstration at city hall that erupts into a riot.  Police charge the crowd, beating many, and arresting 12.  Trouble starts at a communist meeting where speakers circulate handbills calling on workers to “rally to the defense of their fatherland, the Soviet Union,” and inflame the crowd to hold a parade.  When the mob starts to file out, the police move in.  Still, some of the marchers make their way to city hall, where 150 police, some mounted, form a cordon around the building.  It is the third communist-led demonstration at city hall in 10 days.

Some of the handbills at the meeting speak of an “international demonstration against unemployment” day, scheduled for March 6.  Others read:  “Unemployment is increasing.  The crisis is sharpening.  Everywhere misery and suffering increases daily.  Heavy wage cuts go hand in hand with the increase in unemployment.”

Elsewhere:  

Weimar, Germany:  The nazi Minister of the Interior and Education of the state of Thuringia, Wilhelm Frick, announces he is preparing to order all schools in the state to pray daily for Germany’s liberation from the Treaty of Versailles. 

Minsk, Belorus (Belorussian S.S.R):  The Jewish leaders held by soviet authorities for alleged anti-government activities are allowed to receive visitors, who report that their execution now seems less likely.  Meanwhile in Moscow, the soviet government issues an official denial to a rumor that the rabbis had already been executed.  The government newspaper Izvestia says they have only been charged with counter-revolutionary activity, which reportedly stem from their appeal to Jews outside the Soviet Union for financial aid. 

Thursday, 20 February 1930

Bucharest: The nation is alarmed by rumors of soviet army forces concentrating near the Romanian border, across from the region of Bessarabia.  Bessarabia was part of the Russian Empire prior to 1918.

Minsk, Belorus (Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic):  Reports say the Jewish leaders arrested for anti-government activities (see Feb. 15) are slated for execution.  

Saturday, 11 January 1930

Germany:  

Robert Ley, southern Rhineland party leader for the national socialist (nazi) party and editor of the anti-Semitic newspaper Westdeutsche Beobachter, loses an appeal to the German Supreme Court on his conviction of having defamed the Jewish faith by asserting that the Talmud, one of Judaism’s central texts, prescribes ritual murder for its adherents. 

The Hague:  

Tensions rise at the Second Reparations conference.  The German delegation consistently asserts the right to a moratorium on war debt payment whenever Germany needs it for its own financial health.  Additionally, the delegates say they cannot give final approval to Hague proposals without consulting the Reichsbank Board --  by which they are understood to mean Reichsbank President Hjalmar Schacht, who is due to arrive at the conference soon and whose presence, it is feared, will disrupt the proceedings.  Philip Snowden, British Chancellor of the Exchequer, scolds the Germans to stop the “needless delays” and get to work.  

Tuesday, 31 December 1929

Berlin:  

President Paul von Hindenberg files suit against the newspaper Der Angriff (The Attack), founded and published by nazi party leader Joseph Goebbels, for an article published two days ago entitled, “Is Hindenberg still alive?”  The article claimed that Hindenberg had not voted against the Young Plan because “he always does what his Jewish and Marxist advisers tell him to do,” and that “nobody should be under any delusions concerning him.” 

Paris:  

Authorities seize three Italian communists with explosives.  Their papers outline a plan to assassinate Italy’s delegation to the League of Nations at an upcoming meeting in Geneva.

London:  

Not four weeks after Great Britain restored diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union (see Dec. 4), a New Year’s message from the Communist International (Comintern) to workers in England is causing a stir.  The message appears in The Daily Worker, a new communist newspaper in England, describing itself as “a new and powerful weapon in the hands of the British working class.”  This doesn’t sit well with the British government, which remains wary of communist agitation within its borders. 

Friday, 6 December 1929

Berlin:  

The cabinet of Chancellor Hermann Mueller holds a meeting to discuss the memo that Reichsbank President Hjalmar Schacht issued last night, which blasted them and foreign powers for failure to meet the necessary terms of the Young Plan. 

Libya:  

Italian forces conducting a suppression campaign against Libyan resistance fighters take the town of Brach by surprise attack, without a shot fired. 

Vienna:  

University and high school officials, at a special meeting, decide they are closing their institutions for an indefinite period of time, in an effort to get control over the violence plaguing the schools.  Socialist and nationalist students often battle each other, disrupting lectures and resulting in frequent calls to the police.  And the nationalist students also battle against Jewish students and professors.  Property damage from the fighting has been extensive. 

Warsaw:  

Communists hold demonstrations in several parts of Poland, including a group of mostly teenage boys who parade past the U.S. Embassy here, throwing rocks, breaking windows and shouting against what they call the “American intervention in the Chinese-soviet conflict.”  Police arrest 5.  

China:  

Nanking, capital of the nationalist government, is under martial law as the troop defections that started three days ago have turned into full-scale rebellion.  Canton, on the southern coast, is also under martial law, with communist rebel forces approaching, refugees pouring in, and executions and police raids rampant.  U.S. gunboats in Canton harbor are on guard.

Monday, 18 November 1929: Soviet Forces Take Manzhouli

Manchuria:  

The Russian conquest of the town of Manzhouli is complete.  Some 2,000 Manchurian/Chinese soldiers are reported dead.  Mopup fighting continues, as well as pursuit of Manchurian forces that broke out of the Russian encirclement.  Meanwhile, soviet warplanes reportedly bomb Mutanchiang, destroying a Chinese depot where aircraft were stored.

Elsewhere:

Sofia:  A national demonstration is held against Bulgaria’s war debt requirements, which, like Germany’s, are terms from the World War.  A two-hour work stoppage is staged, and raucous crowds gather outside the French and British legations.

Cologne:  At a meeting of the Cologne Chamber of Commerce and Industry, industrialists warn that Germany is courting disaster in this economic downturn, borrowing too much and consuming reserves.  They urge a complete economic overhaul and relief from direct taxation.

Prague:  Another anti-Semitic mob scene at a central Europe university – a gang of Czech fascists beats Jewish students at a tech school, then clashes with police.

Russia:  The government puts more of its citizens on death row – 10 Kulaks (rich peasants) are condemned to death for anti-soviet agitation, profiteering and opposing the government’s grain collection campaign.  Others received sentences of 3 to 10 years for the same activities.

Cherbourg, France:  The French navy launches the largest submarine ever built – the Surcouf.  The submarine is said to be the fastest and most powerful vessel of its kind in the world. 

China:  The nationalist government says its troops have taken Tengfeng from the rebels.  

Friday, 15 November 1929

Krakow:  Jewish and Polish students clash at a Krakow university.  The Minister of Education orders the school closed for six months to restore order.

China:  Communist rebel forces reportedly drive back nationalist government forces in Hupeh, in central China, with fighting also still raging in Tengfeng.

Thursday, 7 November 1929

Paris:  

New Prime Minister Andre Tardieu outlines to Parliament his government’s priorities, and what they will cost.  Included in them are plans to fund the construction of a proposed line of fortifications in northern France to serve as a defensive protection against Germany.  In the debate, Henry Franklin-Bouillon, a radical socialist who opposes France’s planned early withdrawal from the Rhineland, says Germany still represents a military threat, and that German military appropriations are enough to give it an army five times as strong as France’s.  He says Germany has built high-quality roads to the French border, over which an army could move quickly if needed. 

On the same day, the new Minister of War in Tardieu’s cabinet, Andre Maginot, announces that France will suspend further troop withdrawals from the Rhineland if Germany does not ratify the Young Plan.

Elsewhere:

Vienna:  More anti-Semitic violence at Vienna University, as a group of nationalist Heimwehr students again attacks Jewish students (see Nov. 5).  The school’s deans say they will close the school to restore order.

Tokyo:  A gag order is lifted today on a “preliminary court” that has been processing the cases of accused communists who have been arrested over the past two years.  The public is at last able to get information on what the court has been doing.  In total, 825 people have been charged with plotting against the government.  The government began arresting and charging the communists in March 1928 after it discovered that 20 Japanese communists, trained in Moscow, had returned to the country and were organizing disruptive activities.

Tuesday, 5 November 1929

Vienna:  

A group of nationalist Heimwehr (“Home Guard”) students attack a group of Jewish Socialist students at Vienna University.  Police are called in to break up the assault.  Tensions in Austria have reached such heights that British Foreign Minister Arthur Henderson is publicly warning Austrians against coup attempts.  He says Great Britain is concerned that there may be a breakdown in parliamentary discussions on Prime Minister Johann Schober’s proposed constitutional changes to reduce the autonomy of largely socialist Vienna, and that non-legislative action might follow (e.g., coup attempts).  This, Henderson says, would threaten the stability of all of Europe.  Austrian officials are reportedly indignant over the comment, calling it an interference in Austria’s internal affairs. 

Elsewhere:

Kyoto:  Japan’s delegation at the Institute of Pacific Relations conference lashes out with a diatribe on Manchuria.  Japan claims that China entered into a secret agreement with Russia in 1904 to treat Japan as their common enemy, and had Japan known it, it would have annexed Manchuria right then.  Japan says this secret agreement cost Japan 100,000 lives fighting Russia, and the equivalent of $1 billion.  The Japanese say their interest today is for a populous and prosperous Manchuria to act as a buffer with Russia.

China:  With mutinies spreading, Chiang Kai-shek’s nationalist government forces lose the towns of Yensih and Kunghsien to rebels, who now threaten the city of Hankow. 

Tuesday, 29 October 1929: New York Stock Market's Crash is Complete

THE NEW YORK STOCK MARKET CRASHES AGAIN

New York: 

the Stock market crashes still further.  Another selloff ravages Wall Street – Stocks drop another 12% -- 16.4 million shares trade.  IT'S THE Worst day in market history – Billions in value IS wiped out. 

The trade volume shatters the previous record of 12.9 million shares, which was set only last Thursday.  Experts estimate that fully half the stocks on the New York Stock Exchange have lost 50% of their value over the last month or so.  Total value lost over that time is estimated at $25 billion.    
As with Thursday's crash, crowds gather outside the exchange to see the historic tumble.  Yet unlike Thursday, this crash is not marked by frenzied panic.  Large financial interests place buy orders at successively lower levels throughout the day, making the selloff look more like the orderly retreat of a well-drilled army than the bedlam that ensued Thursday.  The ticker, though behind by 2-1/2 hours, still fares better than Thursday, when it didn't print the final quote until 4 hours after the market closed.  
Markets in Europe tumble too.

1929 Stock Market Crash - YouTube

Elsewhere: 

Russia:  the government kills 12 more of its people -- “enemies of the state” -- bringing the total for the week to 100. 

Germany: Newspapers claim that the Liberty Law campaign has failed, saying the nationalist-driven proposal drew only 7% of voters.

Vienna: Nationalists attack Jewish students to stop them from attending school. 

China:  The civil war expands – three nationalist government divisions revolt in Ichang, and communist rebel forces reportedly invade Linyung.  

Wednesday, 23 October 1929: New York Stock Market Drops 6.3%

New York:  

THE STOCK MARKET crashES – THE Nyse DROPS 6.3% in THE second-largest TRADING day on record.  Over 6.3 million shares trade.  The loss is valued at $3-4 billion.  The market opens well after yesterday's uptick, with several bellwether stocks recording gains.  Then mid-afternoon, a wave of selling hits automotive equipment and radio stocks.  As the afternoon grinds on and the selling shows no sign of abating, traders and investors -- already nervous after the general market downturn of late -- lose their nerve and start dumping other stocks -- everything -- for whatever they can get, sometimes even below price.  In the final hour, the market completely collapses, in what one article calls "a new and wholly unexpected avalanche of selling."  About $50 million in value is melting away per minute at the end.  At one point, a clutch of banking executives are reported to be conferring on the front steps of the New York Stock Exchange on ways to support the market.  But it remains to be seen if they can do anything about it

Elsewhere: 

Budapest:  Prime Minister Istvan Bethlen de Bethlen, speaking to Parliament, announces that from now on, anti-semitic disturbances in Hungary's schools and universities will be met with a strong police response. Police will even enter classrooms where disturbances are taking place if necessary.  Bethlen's statement is in response to a spate of anti-Jewish unrest around the country of late.

China:  Nationalist government forces capture the town of Yencheng in Honan province.  The opposing forces are reported to number 300,000.

Wednesday, 9 October 1929: Prussia Declares Stahlhelm Illegal

Berlin: 

The government of Prussia, the state that makes up some 60 percent of Germany, bans the Stahlhelm (“Steel Helmets”), a nationalist paramilitary organization, in two provinces, on grounds that it is effectively an army.  The move is in response to the Stahlhelm’s support of the the Liberty Law campaign.

For months, a coalition of groups called the Reich Committee for the German People’s Petition has been campaigning, sometimes violently, for the Liberty Law, which opposes the Young Plan, would discontinue war debt payments altogether, and even prosecute government officials who support the Young Plan. The coalition was the brainchild of Alfred Hugenberg, a nationalist press baron who owns multiple newspapers, and is made up of many groups, including the German National People’s Party, a nationalist political party of which Hugenberg is head, and the radical, fascist, fringe National Socialist German Worker’s Party (nazis).  The coalition was formed to drum up support for a national plebiscite on the Liberty Law, to be conducted in October.  Under German law adopted after the World War, if 10 percent of voters nationwide sign a petition in favor of a proposed law, the Reichstag has to take up the measure. Hugenberg’s plebiscite is intended to gather the necessary signatures to force the Liberty Law to the Reichstag.

Also part of the coalition is the Stahlhelm, the largest of the many paramilitary organizations that operate in Germany, boasting some half a million members.  President Paul von Hindenburg is its honorary president.  The Stahlhelm is heavily comprised of former soldiers, and serves as an unofficial army reserve of sorts, after the standing German army was required to shrink under the Treaty of Versailles.  It was pro-nationalist from its beginning, and often serves as a kind of armed wing of Hugenberg’s political party.

Prussia’s Minister of the Interior issues his ruling in reprisal for the Stahlhelm’s sometimes heavy-handed activities in support of the Liberty Law, including violence.  The minister is a socialist, and much of Prussia is socialist-leaning.  Prussia issues a handbill as well, stating:  “The German government as well as an overwhelming majority in the German nation, realizes that the improvement in Germany’s international position cannot be forced by any German law, but is only obtainable step by step through constant efforts and negotiations with other powers.”  

Stahlhelm with old imperial flag

Moscow:  

Pravda, newspaper of the communist party, launches a new occasional feature titled, “To Know Our Enemies in Order to Hate them.”  It’s a review of capitalist countries, with the United States winning the honor of being evaluated first.  “Millions of European proletarians who sought freedom and happiness on American farms are disillusions after paying a bitter price.  Farmers are being reduced to beggars.  Taxes aggregate 30 percent of the value of farm production, while from four to five million workers are permanently unemployed.  Workers do not get vacations.  They are given no means to support themselves properly, and are likely one morning to find their jobs gone when they return to work.  Millionaires’ daughters order colored limousines to match every new gown.”

“Hence we must imbue communists with a real hatred for capitalists so that communists will fight harder.  Those American communists who refuse to believe in the inherent rottenness of American capitalism are being expelled.  Business is their god, money their king and commerce their ruler; but, as churches and thrones were crushed, so this American paradise will be crushed.”

Harbin, Manchuria:  

The U.S. consulate here receives a report from Leonard Lilliestrom, U.S. Vice Consul, confirming reports of atrocities by Red Army soldiers against White Russians in Hailar and Manzhouli.  Among the gruesome details: soviet cavalry has surrounded villages and forced males over 10 to the edge of town where they are mowed down with machine gun fire.  An estimated 150 White Russians have been killed by the soviets.

Elsewhere: 

Jaryczowo, Poland:  Anti-semitic unrest among ethnic Ukrainians flares into violence and death.  Last night a mob of Ukrainians attacked a synagogue during evening prayers, resulting in four Ukrainians killed and 11 Jews and 5 Ukrainians injured as the Jews fought back with candlesticks and furniture.  Today a large Ukranian mob attacks Jewish merchants, wounding 7, vowing revenge for the deaths of their kin.  Police are out in force, as both groups are heavily armed.

Hungary:  Jewish students are beaten in schools after distributing handbills.  Schools in Hungary have been known to ban Jewish students from classes with Hungarians, and Jews who protest this can face mistreatment.  

Rome: The fascist government bans certain editions of Jack London novels, branding them “anti-fascist.”